Oropouche Virus Disease in Cuba

Oropouche virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Cuba has experienced several outbreaks of the disease, with the most recent occurring in 2023.

Etiology and Transmission

Oropouche virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily those in the genus Culicoides. The virus replicates in human cells and causes a range of symptoms.

Symptoms

The incubation period for Oropouche virus disease is typically 3-10 days. Symptoms usually resolve within 1-2 weeks and can include: * Fever * Headache * Muscle and joint pain * Nausea and vomiting * Diarrhea * Rash * Conjunctivitis * Swollen lymph nodes

Diagnosis

Oropouche virus disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, travel history, and laboratory testing. The virus can be detected in blood samples using PCR or serological tests.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Oropouche virus disease. Treatment is supportive and includes rest, hydration, and pain relievers.

Prevention

Preventing Oropouche virus disease involves reducing exposure to mosquito bites. This includes: * Using insect repellent containing DEET or picaridin * Wearing long-sleeved clothing and pants * Using mosquito nets * Eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed

Outbreak in Cuba

In 2023, Cuba experienced an outbreak of Oropouche virus disease, with cases reported in several provinces. The outbreak was attributed to heavy rainfall and flooding, which created breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Response

The Cuban government implemented several measures to control the outbreak, including: * Increased spraying of insecticides * Distribution of mosquito nets * Public education campaigns on prevention measures

Significance

Oropouche virus disease can cause significant discomfort and morbidity, but is rarely fatal. However, it can lead to economic losses due to absenteeism from work or school. Surveillance and prevention measures are essential to reduce the risk of outbreaks in Cuba and other endemic areas.Oropouche Virus Disease Outbreak in Cuba

Oropouche Virus Disease Outbreak in Cuba

Situation Overview

On May 27, 2024, the Cuban Ministry of Public Health reported outbreaks of Oropouche virus disease in two provinces: Santiago de Cuba and Cienfuegos. This is the first detection of the disease in the country, indicating a high susceptibility among the population and a risk of additional cases.

Description of the Situation

As of June 5, 2024, a total of 74 confirmed cases have been identified. The most common symptoms include fever, low back pain, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, joint pain, and eye pain. The median age of patients is 34 years, with the highest incidence in individuals aged 15 to 19 years. There have been no reported serious or fatal cases.

Epidemiology

Oropouche virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of the *Culicoides paraensis* mosquito, which is found in wooded areas and around bodies of water. Viral circulation involves both epidemic and jungle cycles. In the epidemic cycle, humans are the amplifying host, and the virus is transmitted mainly through the bite of *C. paraensis*.

Response

Local and national health authorities are implementing the following public health measures: * Establishing a comprehensive plan to confront arboviruses, including vector control, entomological surveillance, medical assistance, environmental sanitation, and community participation. * Training health personnel on arboviruses, including Oropouche virus. * Strengthening vector control actions, including focal treatment, adulticidal treatment, and increased entomological surveillance. * Intensifying environmental sanitation actions.

Assessment

The World Health Organization (WHO) assesses the risk of additional cases in Cuba as significant due to the high susceptibility of the population and the presence of the suspected vector. There is also a risk of international spread due to Cuba being an international tourist destination and the wide distribution of the vector in the Americas region.

Advice

WHO advises against travel or trade restrictions based on the current information. To prevent infection, individuals should: * Use mosquito nets, insect repellent devices, and mosquito repellents. * Eliminate mosquito breeding sites by reducing water-filled habitats. * Use chemical insecticides such as deltamethrin or DEET to control mosquito populations.

Further Information

For more information, refer to the following resources: * Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Guidelines for the Detection and Surveillance of Emerging Arboviruses * Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Tool for the Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Suspected Arboviral Diseases * Ministry of Public Health: Information Note, May 27, 2024, Republic of Cuba * Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Epidemiological Alert Outbreaks – Oropouche in the Region of the Americas, February 2, 2024 * National Focal Point of the International Health Regulations of Cuba: Email Communication dated May 31, 2024.

Oropouche Virus Outbreak in Cuba Raises Concerns

Health authorities in Cuba are monitoring an outbreak of Oropouche virus disease, which has infected dozens of people across the island. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and typically causes symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, it can lead to complications including encephalitis and meningitis. The outbreak was first reported in the eastern province of Santiago de Cuba and has since spread to other parts of the country. Health officials are investigating the source of the outbreak and implementing measures to control mosquito populations. The Cuban Ministry of Public Health has advised citizens to take precautions to prevent mosquito bites, including using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding areas with standing water. Residents in affected areas are also urged to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms consistent with Oropouche virus disease. While there is no specific treatment for the virus, supportive care can help relieve symptoms. The Oropouche virus is a common cause of febrile illness in South and Central America, but this is the first major outbreak reported in Cuba. Health authorities are working to contain the outbreak and prevent its further spread. The situation is being closely monitored and updated information will be provided as it becomes available.